Ferrous alloys



Patented Jan. 19,

ori-ice iiriimous iitiloirs nton, Ohio; Louise J. Eder, 1d "Mathias L.1 ,Eder, deceased, J. Eder, Canton, Ohio,

7 gngiiiraiih y pplication January is, 1961,

' Serial N0.'2l)6,73 3

#1 6 Claims. (01. is-112s) The "iriveiitiorfrelatesi generally to' "feriousal- 1qy ,withafli91. la r refere to an alloy. which fl f brju e' iithe forming o facing purposes; and the well 'known'p in tlie industry. 'I-Iowev'er a com- "pletelyIsatisfactory ferrous' alloy for hard 'facing of equipmenfi-subjet' to abrasionbrimpact at high temperatureSQhaS nOt been produced prior to'ithe.presentiinvntion.: i

It hasiibeen found that' the additiOn of tun sten to f'suchi'ferrouscalloys has very beneficial effects as it resists tempering action, or softening, upjon repe'ated heatings whilein's'ervice-and thatit reduces cthejcoefiicientof friction, which w contributes -to;; w.eariresistance, a very-important feature; and gprflducesF-the formation of carbides,

which are undoubtedlyhthe;hardestbf any of -the carbides; and ,are :;resistant..- .to" Zdeco'mposing at high temperatures;andwear-resistantat thehigh temperatures encountered in the above-mentioned applications. 7

Thefadditionpf vanadium also has very' beneficial effects upon;such;-an, alloy, as:it functions to increase gra'in'f'efinement, acts as a stabilizvents i separation -or breakdown of the complex carbides, arid besides-controlling the grainsize also infiuencesthe forming ofifiner carbides.

It is therefore an object o the present inventiontoidrovide a ferrouifil i Oi the typereferred to; Containing small amoiilitsbf' chromium, nickel and molybdenum and also containing a substantial amount of tungsten.

Another object is to provide such a ferrous alloy which may contain a relatively small amount of vanadium.

A further object is to provide a relatively low cost ferrous alloy, especially adapted for hard facing, which has a high resistance to wear, abrasion and impact or high temperatures.

A still further object is to provide such a ferrous alloy especially adapted for weld rods for hard facing, or for casting purposes.

The above objects together with others which will be apparent from the following description theinvention pertains is ing "element at elevated temperatures, and preior-which may beilater referred to, may be-atftained .by carrying out-the invention in the manner hereinafter describedin detail.

. -.The :improved hard. facing, or casting, ferrous alloy, to which the invention pertains, contains :about .50 to 2.0% chromium; 1.0 to 2.0% nickel; 2.5 to 4.0% molybdenum; 2.5 to 6.0% tungsten and .50, to 1.0% carbon, and preferably contains 'a small amount;of vanadium, which when present may be upto 1.5% and may be'as low as Such a ferrous alloyis principally intended for use-as a weld rod overlay for hot shear blades, ilot trimming dies,,vertical edging rolls, and tools .for making vseamless; tubing, andother similar applications where there isneed for a wear-resistant metal operating at high temperatures.

As above mentionedthis ferrous alloy is also adapted; for. use for casting various machine parts which may be subjected to Wear or abrasion under high temperature conditions. ferrous alloy is especially useful because of the fact that it has resistance to wear, abrasion and/or impact at high temperatures-and resistance to oxidation, and high mechanical strength at hightemperature's.

Itlhas been. found byactualpractice that the additionof tungsten, inquantities of 2.5% upto 6%, has many v'ery' beneficial .efiectson a ferrous Some'of' the alloy. intended for theabove uses. 1 I

characteristicsiof such a ferrous alloy are:

High tem ering properties, inf th'at the alloy resists tempering .action or softening uponlre- 'peated heating, reduction offthe coefficient of friction, which contributes to wear resistance and is ,:a very' important property; the for'mation' of}c'arbides whichl are'uridoubtedly the hardest of any of "the carbides, and their resistance to de compose at high temperatures encountered in the above mentioned applications.

Although molybdenum is possibly more eifective in producing high temperature properties, it does not produce as hard a carbide as tungsten and therefore does not give the wear resistance that is required in metal used for hot shear blades and similar applications, where severe wear or abrasion under high temperature is equally as important as resistance to deformation.

Service tests have shown that this alloy has a much greater extended life over competitive alloys not containing tungsten, for use in applications where the parts are subjected to severe wear and abrasion at high temperatures. The increased life of this ferrous alloy has been as great as two and one-half times that of competitive alloys not containing tungsten.

The addition of vanadium to the ferrous alloy also has several important functions, namely it produces grain refinement, acts as a stabilizing element at elevated temperatures, and prevents separation or breakdown of the complex carbides, and furthermore, besides controlling the grain size the vanadium also influences'the forming of finer carbides.

The physical properties imparted by the vanadium addition are resistance to impact, and high tensile strength. The vanadium also prevents softening while the metal is subjected to high temperatures in service. l

It has been found by actual test that the addition of vanadium is very beneficial to such --;an alloy intended to withstand theservice required at high temperaturea'such as'large vertical rolls, where the hot metal is in contact with the ferrous alloy hard facing upon the rolls.

The surface of a roll, faced with this ferrous alloy, is subjected to severe high temperatures by the hot bars passing over the face of the roll, and cold water is used to cool the rolls and causes a quenching action on the hard facing ferrous alloy.

The vanadium addition to the ferrous alloy prevents severe cracking of the deposit due to the quenching action of the water on the rolls when in use, and the same is true in the case of large knives for shearing hot steel, where water is applied to the shear blades to cool them.

As the knives cut through large hot bars, the edge of the knife blade becomes sufficiently hot to show color, and when the cut is completed the water directed onto the blade quenches the hot edge of the blade and frequently causes severe cracking.

By adding vanadium to the ferrous alloy, excessive cracking, due to the quenching encountered in these operations, is greatly reduced. The vanadium also increases the high temperature properties and the tensile strength, which is very important on such high temperature applications as above referred to.

Actual tests made on this ferrous alloy, in the above described applications, shows the absence of severe cross-checking. The service life of the parts, hard faced with this ferrous alloy, is increased considerably over competitive alloys, which show severe cracking when subjected to repeated heating and quenching action in such hot applications.

- An example of an alloy made in accordance with the invention, which actual service tests have proven to have given as great as two and one-half times the life of competitive alloys without tungsten or vanadium additions, is of the following analysis:

Chromium, Nickel, 33 X33: Carbon, percent percent pevment percent percent percent 2.0 2. o 4. o a. 0 .75 .so

I claim:

- .80% carbon, about 2.0% chromium, about 2.0%

nickel, not over 4.0% molybdenum, about 3.0%

tungsten, and vanadium in effective amounts up to about 1.5%, the remainder of said alloy being iron. 4

3. 'A weld rod for hard facing purposes, said rod comprising a ferrous alloy containing about .8% carbon, about 2.0% chromium, about 2.0%

nickel, not more than 4.0% molybdenum, about 3.0% tungsten, about .75% vanadium, and the remainder of said alloy being iron.

4. An article adapted for cutting or forming operations, said article having a facing thereon comprising a ferrous alloy containing about .8% carbon, about 2.0% chromium, about 2.0% nickel, not more than 4.0% molybdenum, about 3.0% tungsten, about .75% vanadium, and the remainder of said alloy being iron.-

5. A ferrous alloy particularly adapted for hard facing purposes to resist wear and abrasion at high temperatures, said alloy containing about .80% carbon, about 2.0% chromium, about 2.0% nickel, not over 4.0% molybdenum, about 3.0% tungsten, and vanadium in effective amounts up to about 1.5%, the remainder of said alloy being iron.

6. An article adapted for cutting or forming operations, said article having a facing thereon comprising a ferrous alloy containing about .80% carbon, about 2.0 chromium, about 2.0% nickel, not over 4.0% molybdenum, about 3.0% tungsten, and vanadium in effective amounts up to about 1.5%, the remainder of said alloy being iron.

' MATHIAS L. EDER.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,145,756 Ervin Jan. 31, 1939 2,147,123 Emmons Feb. 14, 1939,

FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 15,976 Great Britain of 1907 

1. A FERROUS ALLOY PARTICULARLY ADAPTED FOR HARD FACING PURPOSES TO RESIST WEAR AND ABRASION AT HIGH TEMPERATURES, SAID ALLOY CONTAINING ABOUT 8% CARBON, ABOUT 2.0% CHROMIUM, ABOUT 2.0% NICKEL, NOT MORE THAN 4.0% MOLYBDENUM, ABOUT 3.0% TUNGSTEN, ABOUT .75% VANADIUM, AND THE REMAINDER OF SAID ALLOY BEING IRON. 